The Thesis

My paper is not simply, it is an affront to the prevailing doctrine. Research means collecting and classifying findings. Those who follow others are never ahead (Leonardo da Vinci). Eratosthenes calculates the circumference of the earth to be 42,000 km. Nicolaus Copernicus places the sun at the centre of the world. The dialogue by the exchange student Galileo Galilei (*1564) appears in 1632. In 1912, the meteorologist Alfred Wegener (*1880) gave a lecture on continental drift to geologists in the Senckenberg Museum. All of these results were not recognized by other scientists. It is not a fact, it is a thesis with the content: "The Congo Impact as the beginning of the Glacial Periods." A thesis follow the law of logic: thesis, antithesis, synthesis. Priority goal of my thesis is the science of the beginning of glacial periods 2.588 million year ago and the beginning to more investigate by experts of different specializations. What really happened 2.588 million years ago? The cause for the beginning of the ice ages is also important for their probable end in modern times (Holocene). My paper is as exciting as a detective story, and I look forward many great detectives for a synthesis as a cause for the beginning of the Glacial Periods.

According to INQUA (2006), IUGS (2009) and ICS (2009) the glacial period starts at the beginning of the Quarternary 2.588 million years ago at the Pliocene/Pleistocene boundary at the beginning of the Gelasian period, named after the city of Gela in Sicily (locus typicus 37°08´48.8"; 14°12´12.6"E) At that time a pole reversal of the earth's magnetic field takes place (Gauss-Matuyama-Boundery: magnetic Polarity-Chronozone C2n Olduvai). The West Antarctic and Greenland were without any ice (Maureen Raymo). The sea level is approximately 20 metres higher. The average temperature of the earth suddenly declines about 15 degrees K. The arctic pole cup, Greenland and the West Antarctic begins to freeze over. In the sea there immediately die out calcareous Nannoplankton index fossils (Discoaster pentaradiatus, Discoaster surculus and Discoaster brouweri at the basement of the zone NC13) and there was a widespread dead in the marine megafauna (whales, sharks, turtles). There is almost no continuous Pliocene/Pleistocene sediment transition anywhere in the world (not in Gela). In Austria, there are Pleistocene gravel cracks 160 m above the Danube level (G. Wessely, Geologie NÖ, 2006, Pfaffenberg).
Dec 11, 2018: phys.org/news/2018-12-supernovae-large-ocean-animals-dawn.html "Researchers consider whether supernovae failled off large ocean animals at dawn of Pleistocene": "It was a supernova some 150 light years away from earth ... touching off climate and triggering mass extinctions of large ocean animals ..." There is no continuous transition of the Pliocene / Pleistocene sediments.
https://www.universal-sci.com/article/megalodon-shark-was-warm-blooded.
After 250 million years for the first time glacial periods starts again. Up until now a concrete cause of the activation of the glacial periods was not stated. The cause of the glacial periods shall be here demonstrated with a thesis on the basis of existing evidence and facts.

A >30 km large Fe-Cu-Ni-Co asteroid is captured in a gravitational keyhole of the Earth in polar orbit (similar to the Moon or a satellite) 2.588 million years ago. It is a conglomerate of irregular supernova fragments. Under a height of 35,800 km, it closes in with each orbital flight of the poles of the earth´s surface. The asteroid hits rectangularly and above all horizontally the equator like a beat on the edge of a spinner, the „skit mark“ is 2000 km long from Katanga to Bangui, the tectonic marginal rifts left and right to the equatorial „grazing shot“ with their rivers of terraces (ditches) are spread over 900 km. Up to the Congo River, it breaks into giant, jumping fragments, which, north of the Congo River, act as sliding blocks, giving the earth's crust a pulling force with their friction and tearing open the current extremely deep Congo riverbed (kilometer-deep crack?) in a semicircle. The seven largest metal fragments sink through the earth's crust to the earth's mantle at the end of the sliding path and form the BMA (Bangui Magnetic Anomaly). As an impact diameter is approximately thirty times larger than the asteroid, this asteroid was >30 km large.

The kinetic energy (impact energy) is mainly converted into friction energy, heat and tectonic pressure on the earth's crust and whirls the overheated dust up into the stratosphere. This sandy, metal-containing cloud of embers moves from the Congo and the Bangui anomaly eastwards along the equator (+/-20° latitude) similar to a unified intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) over East Africa, the Indian Ocean, South India, Sri Lanka, Thailand and Australia (gold and opals on the surface?). The dust raining down from the sting jet first creates a cobalt crust over the Pacific as far as Hawaii, then cobalt-containing manganese nodules towards Central America (manganese nodule belt in the Indian and Pacific Oceans). The manganese nodules only occur on the surface of the sea floor, they are geologically unique, unknown in other geological stratigraphies and therefore geologically young due to a lack of coverage by deep-sea sediments. The metal-containing dust is distributed all over the Earth as a new geological Quaternary index formation with Fe-Ni-Co-Os-Re magnetic particles, similar to the iridium-platinum-osmium anomaly at the K-T boundary (66 million years) caused by the comet impact in Yucatan.

The impact event simultaneously leads to large tectonic continental earthquakes. In the east of the Congo Basin the Rift Valley arises with volcanoes situated at the rim such as for example the eight volcanoes of the Virunga-Chain and the Ngorogoro, as well at the same time the Krakatau arises just like other volcanos, as well as sea slides (Molokai landslide). The ocean linkage between Pacific and Atlantic in the area of Panama is disrupted by the arising Central American volcanoes with the Pasadena folding.
G. Bartoli, M. Sarntheim 2005: "Final closure of Panama and the onset of northern hemisphere glaciation."

The warm ocean-current is interrupted from the Pacific into the Atlantic and to the Arctic and it generates the small Gulf Stream in the direction to Europe (30 million l/sec warm water of thermohaline circulation). Also Africa moves upward to Europe (Gibraltar closed?, Mediterranean Sea dried up?, origin of the Adriatic?). The result is the North-South-Pantanal depression, 500 km x 150 km in size, tectonically lowered by 500 m (a swamp like the Congo Basin; caused by an asteroid impact?), with a round basin in the middle with an extremely rich habitat (3/4 of the animal species of America). The axis of the earth (the inclination of 23,3° to the ecliptic) tumbles since the impact about +/-1,2° (obliquity) and the solar orbit of the earth changes. The days per year are getting fewer, which could be detected by daily growth streaks on mussels, corals or sponges each year, similar to how 372 days for a year (day of 23h 31min) could be detected by daily growth streaks on the mussel shell Torreites sanchezi (Abdul 2020) 70 million years ago.

On the basis of the oscillating axis of the earth with the cyclical alterned insolation on the polar caps after 250 million years for the first time again glacial periods set in. The thermal course of the eight(?) glacial periods is so far explained by calculations of cycles of insolation by Milutin Milankovic (1924). There could also be a solar or galactic cause.

Bangui-Magnet-Anomaly

The Bangui-Magnet-Anomaly (BMA) is the strongest magnet anomaly of the earth and it is located in the Central African Republic. It reaches 250 km from north-west to south-east and approxmately 100 km from north-east to south-west, it has four magnetmaxima, each has a diameter of about 50 km, it reaches in the depth in the west 38 km and in the east 54 km. A further anomaly point is located at the border of Cameroon.
Girdler R.W. et al., 1992, Tectonophys., 212, 45-58: "Proposed that the Bangui magnet Anomaly is the result of a very large, old impact structure. They dook into consideration the geology, coincidental magnetic and gravity anomalies, and a congruent double-ring structure in the topography." "They also used for theire magnetic database a contour map derived from Magsat, where the Bangui Anomaly appears as a distinct, isolated structure."
https://researchegate.net/publication/234529461_The_Bangui_Magnetic_Anomaly_Revisited; Map Cyrille Donald Njiteu 25 feb 2022:
https://doi.org/10.1080/14432471.2022.2035519
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14432471.2022.2035519
According to current literature this point is caused by an iron rich mafic deposit. But a magnetic anomaly in this depth is geologically not explicable owing to lacking tectonic, mafic separation and palingenesis. Bordering on the south-east it is located as a counterpart a comparably huge, massive magnet anomaly, but as a contrary magnet-weakness-anomaly. The sum of the BMA fragments, the 1.2° obliquity, the amount of manganese nodules, the shape and size of the Pantanal Depression and the Bentley Trench could even indicate an almost unbelievable size of the asteroid of 50 to 100 km.

The Congo Basin

The Congo Basin located on 300 metres sea level is a unstratified „sand mine“ till a depth of 4 km (pore volume = mass deficiency = minor gravitation field), at which the rocky basement first starts in a depth of 4 km, unique for a craton and until now without any explaination.
Gravity map:
https://svs.gdfc.nasa.gov/11234
https://pixels.com/featured/gravity-map-of-earth-nasascience-photo-library.html
https://thenackedscientists.com/articles/interviews/planet-earth-online-physical-attractions-oceans
https://twitter.com/worldcobaltday/status/1652759568865189889/photo/1
www.universal-sci.com/headlines/2016/12/7/how-strong-is-the-force-of-gravity-on-earth#google_vignette

This oval basin is also upcurved at the drain to the Atlantic on 284 m (Kinshasa). The Congo is the single great river worldwide which has to overflow a terrace, the river still has not eroded downwards and it has no delta. Furthermore, it developed by a turbidity current a 1500 km long and 30 km wide abyssal channel in the continental shelf. Moreover, it is most uncommon, that the Congo River is up to 220 m deep in its lowland lower reaches (deepest river in the world) without any tectonic cause (no subduction zone) as a result of a tensile fracture perpendicular to the braking path, without these depths having been eroded or filled by the annual floods, therefore it has to be geologically young, completely different to the Amazonas, it flows a long way to the west and after the Andine orogeny rock formation to the east direction. Well drillings in the Congo Basin down to a depth of 100 metres delivered only redcolored sediments and red ground water, whereas tropically caused laterite soils (tropical weathering with rest of iron) only reach some metres in the depth. A reddening of sediments usually refers to high temperatur of creation.

It is morphologically noticeable that in the flat Congo Basin the many parallel running rivers from Angola and Katanga firstly flow convex to the north and than switched to north-west just as in a parallel rift system. The rivers drift from the straight middle of the asteroid track through the Congo to the north-west in the direction of Bangui, in a form of an arch about 300 km to the north-west (Coriolis force). The resulting shear and, above all, tensile stresses created a curved shear fracture that formed the curved lower reaches of the Congo with a river depth of 220 m. Parallel shear fractures could also be the steep underwater canyons east of South Africa.
With a circumference of the earth of 40,000 km makes this event time of the asteroids"slide" 15 minutes for a length of 2000 km (asteroid vo = 28,490 km/h after Schuler-Period, makes for an orbit 89 minutes; 1700 km in 6 minutes, 300 km in 9 minutes by a braking deceleration a= -100 m/s²). The system of the overlong, parallel rivers running crosswise through the mountains and level lands of the South Congo Basin is most likely explicable with a type of long stretched rift valley tectonic of the grazing impact.

Cobalt and Ore Occurrence

In Catanga and Bangui there are pure metallic cobalt deposits, which otherwise do not exist on the earth. Cobalt is strongly ferromagnetic and can only come from a metallic asteroid in his metallic form, this also explains the enormous Bangui-Magnet-Anomaly. 2/3 of the continental world's deposit of cobalt that lies in the south of the Congo Basin, partially radio-active of high levels of uranium in the ore (Mutanda mine, the world's biggest cobalt mine), that the levels of radioactive metal exceed export limits (export ban on uranium). Rhenium-osmium contents are also typical for rich cobalt deposits in the Congo (Nicolas Saintilan, ETH Zurich). Other typical extraterrestrial ore deposits are rich and surficially heaped in clastic loose sediments.
"The DRC has some of the largest deposits of non-ferrous metals in the world" (USGS).
At the end of the trajectory in Bangui, the seven fragments of the asteroid sank through the Earth's crust 30 km deep into the Earth's mantle because they were very heavy (specific gravity: cobalt 8.9 g/cm³, iron 8 g/cm³, cobalt ore 6 g/cm³, magnetite 5 g/cm³ and pyrite 5 g/cm³), in principle the reverse effect of a salt diapir. An example of an iron-nickel-metal-asteroid is the 3 km large asteroid 1986 DA with 10,000 tons gold and 100,000 tons platinum and the 50 tons heavy Hoba-Meteorite (Fe 82%, Ni 16%, Co 1%) in Namibia without a crater (the Kalahari consists of loose sand!) and the Cape York Meteorites (20 tons Agpalik: Fe 90%, Ni 9%) from the surface of Greenland. Also the earth´s core consists of NiFe.
The other ore occurrences in Catanga are rich and in destroyed sediments near by the surface. Cobalt (ore content under 10%) occurs of nickel in form of sand until fist-sized bricks (mining in open burrows in cohesive debris: ZDFinfo 5th March, 2020). The formation and the distribution of these ores has to determine of an impact metamorphosis. So far it was assumed a hydrothermal or a synsedimentary genesis. A definite proof of the impact is coesite (high-pressure quartz), possibly also 60Fe isotope, U/Pb determination, impact glass (moldavite), stishovite and diamond dust. An expedition to the Congo could deliver verifications. Lighter sediments from the cloud cover erverything, by graded bedding, so that cobalt lies more than 10 metres under the surface. In the extended flight path, a gold nugget field from an asteroid fragment was deposited near the surface in Mali (melt separation), which made King Mansa Musa the richest man of all time in the 14th century, as well as the White Channel gold in Klondike.
At the same time a stray area of tektites is also verified in South-East Asia and Australia, an impact without a crater (Alexander Tollmann). The impact of Tenoumer (Mauritania 1.9 km diameter of the crater), the Richat-structure ("Eye of Africa", a circular feature of concentric siliceous breccia with a diameter of 40 km in Mauretania) and four craters more may be a part of the extended flat trajectory of the Congo Impact, similary the large Hiawatha-crater (900 metres under the ice, 180 km north-west is a smaller crater under the ice) may be formed by a 1 km large, wrecked part of the asteroid in NW-Greenland.
Nicolas St.Fleur: www.nytimes.com/2018/11/14/science/greenland-ice-crater.html: "Hiawatha-crater was nearly 1,000 feet deep and 20 miles in diameter", a large river containing (metres thick) sediments from the bottom of the ice sheet." ...pieces of highly shocked quartz, which signaled that a violent impact had occured at some time in the area's history. The area's sediments also had high concentration of nickel, cobalt, chromium, gold and platinun, an indicator that the meteorite was made of iron.";
Kurt Kjaer (Denmark) in Science Advances: "... circular structure was a crater left by an asteroid."
In extension of the flight path over Nova Scotia, the cobalt stray field with silver flakes from Ontario also lies on geologically different formations, Junior Lake Property (Ontario, cobalt in Grassy Pond Silt), furthermore there is cobalt in Abitibi Greenstone Belt (City of Cobalt), Labrador/North Quebec, Flin Flon and Snow Lake (Manitoba) and Slave Area (Great Slave Lake, Yellowknife); Canada's critical minerals strategy: Discussion paper 2022.

Also Gela, situated on a plateau >41 m above the sea (locus typicus: Postpliocene regression / Calabrian transgression: conglomeration = sediments of a tsunami as a typical transgression) is located in the elongation of the impact track. The sediments with magnetic particles are on the top of the Gelasian-(Tsunami)breccia, in the layered Gelasian-sediments on the bottom (found myself). The evaporated magnetic cobalt that the fine dust has spread over the entire earth can be detected in the Pleistocene sediment base and in the incised streams. Cobalt dust was partially "sucked away" to the magnetic poles; there is a high cobalt content in Greenland and the south polar Ross Sea.
The Antarctic cobalt content may also have originated from a possible first impact of a previous orbit of the asteroid in Antarctica and formed the western basin structure (800 km x 1800 km) with the Bentley Trench (-2538 m depression, 1000 m high Cenozoic jump tectonics, four times higher geothermal heat flow) surrounded by the volcanoes Mount Sidley, Mount Erebus, Mount Kirkpatrik and Mount Vinson and their abnormal, young volcanism. The significant concentrations of iron, manganese and cobalt in the Ross Sea indicate such a possible genesis (Saito, M.A. et al.: "... dissolved cobalt in the Ross Sea." Pubmed 2010; Abigail E. Noble et al.: "... trace metals ... McMurdo Sound ...", Front Chem 30 Oct 2013). Magnetic dust particles with cobalt content (smaller than 0.1 mm black discs under the microscope) can also be found in Central Europe at the base of the Pleistocene, similar to the iridium-platinum anomaly at the K-T boundary 66 million years ago caused by the comet impact in Yucatan. The world's cobalt deposits are distributed 20% on land (2/3 of which are in the southern Congo) and 80% on the sea floor ("manganese nodule belt", in the manganese nodule with only 0.2% cobalt!).

The worldwide deposit of cobalt is spread 20% on the continent (thereof 2/3 in the south of Congo) and 80% on the sea floor ("manganese nodules belt").

Astronomy:

2.8 million years ago, a supernova exploded in a flash of light at a distance of 150 light years, throwing trillions of fragments away.
April 4, 2016: cds.cern.ch/record/2143998: B. Frey, B.D. Fields, J.R. Ellis: "Radioactive Iron Rain: Transporting 60Fe in Supernova Dust to the Ocean Floor": "This is consistent with a supernova that occurred 2.8 million years ago within the Tuc Hor star group in the southern sky..." In contrast to the young age of the manganese nodule belt and the Congo cobalt of 2.8 million years confirmed by CERN, the meteorites in our solar system and the asteroid belt (mainly made of rock) between Mars and Jupiter are all 4.5 billion years old, as old as the Earth.
Dec 11, 2018: phys.org/news/2018-12-supernovae-large-ocean-animals-down.html: "There was a supernova explosion 150 light years away ... that changed the climate and caused a mass extinction of large marine animals, including a bus-sized shark species ..." A 1-second gamma-ray burst (GRB) from the supernova burns up all life on one side of the Earth, only animals underground can survive (mice). In the upper Pliocene (last 200,000 years) sandstorms therefore blow across this bare earth and form loess sediments.

2.588 million years ago, after a flight time of 210,000 years, a fragment of the asteroid hit the earth. The direction of impact of the asteroid came from the south, across the ecliptic. The transferro-metals in its African deposits (Co 2/3 of the world's deposits, Cu, Ni, Zn, Sn, Coltan (80% of the world's deposits of Nb and Ta), Re, Os, Pt, Au, Pb, Th, U: a metal formed only from a supernova) correspond to this asteroid.
Adrian Melott (UNI Kansas 2018) "said that recent publications on the deposits of iron-60 isotopes on the sea floor provided evidence of the timing and distance of the supernova explosion with the "mud entry" ... A supernova 2.6 million years ago could be related to a marine mega-faunal extinction at the boundary between the Pliocene and Pleistocene ... The extinction was concentrated in coastal waters ..." The interstellar, radioactive iron-60 isotope on the sea floor and in the Antarctic ice is considered evidence of a nearby supernova explosion (N. Benitez 2002). The transferro-metals can indicate an interstellar origin, as in the case of the interstellar asteroid 1I'Oumuamua (1I/2017U1, size about 400 m x 40 m, red metallic) from October 19, 2017.
"Radioactive iron-60 isotopes have been found in ancient, deeper seafloor deposits, which have no natural sources on Earth but could be produced in a supernova explosion." - Adrian Melott 2018.
"60Fe Anomaly in a Deep-Sea Manganese crust and Implications for a Nearby Supernova Source",
K. Knie, G. Korschinek, et.al. Phys.Rev.Lett. 93, 171103, 22 Oct 2004: "A nearby supernova explosion in the past can be confirmed by the detection of radioisotopes ... We have now measured a time profile with good resolution of the 60Fe concentration in the iron-manganese crust of the deep sea and found a significant increase 2.8 million years ago. ... The well-defined time gives possibilities ... with other events in the Earth's history."

Half-lives: 60Fe -- 2.6 million years -- 60Co -- 5.3 years -- 60Ni (stable).

Note on the supernova explosion:

For example, one or two star masses transform into pure energy in less than 1 second according to m = E/c² and the shock front of this energy spreads at the square of the speed of light in 1 second to a distance of 900,000,000,000 km (= 0.12 light years). After the "explosion pressure" is released, the shock front splits partly into light at the speed of light and back to mass as in the Big Bang, with a remaining part of dark energy and dark matter. The denser energy transforms into mass (e.g. transferro metals) back according to E = m.c². From the sub-light speed of the mass and the creation of mass, gravity begins to slow down the metal residues that are now being created again through the ideal center of gravity of the mass in the previously existing star. The Cobalt-Congo asteroid flies from the supernova to Earth in 210,000 years.
Many deposits got their ore from impacts ("Platinum-Nickel-Chromium Deposits" 2017: S.K. Haldar: "The supergiant Sudbury nickel deposit in Canada was formed by a large meteorite impact crater."; Kiruna / Sweden; Wolfe Creek Crater in Australia: 50,000 to NiFe).

The frequency of impacts is indicated by the 1 km large meteorite from Nördlingen 15 million years ago, the Tunguska impact in 1909 and the 10 m large Siberian comet Chelyabinsk in 2013. There are 1 million asteroids between Mars and Jupiter and 18,000 near Earth. A 100 m large asteroid (or a "burnt out" comet) can appear every 1000 years (= 3 km large crater), it often comes from the direction of the sun, it comes during the day, the detection and warning time is then about 24 hours. The asteroid 1I/'Oumuamua was only discovered 5 days after it flew past the Earth; an impact crater would have been 2 km large.

Guinea-Congo-Plant Kingdom

The Guinea-Congo Basin developed its own flora kingdom after the heat of the impact with the total destruction of life. In the Congo Basin, large-scale peat deposits formed following the impact devastation. In East Africa, the forest disappeared and was replaced by a savannah. The new animal development in the devastated Congo Basin took place in a large-scale, unrivaled, fauna-free environmental situation. In the 2.588 million year long, lifeless settlement development, this led to smaller (forest elephants) and more peaceful animals (bonobos: the border is the Congo River). The lower reaches of the Congo have not only formed separate animal populations above ground, but also separate aquatic faunas on the two river banks. Is there a smaller genetic variance?
"Europe - cradle of humanity?" Madelaine Böhme, University of Tübingen: Graecopithecus freybergi is the first upright primate to migrate from the savannah in SE Europe to the savannah in East Africa, east of the Rift Valley.
https://uni-tuebingen.de/newsfullview-landingpage/article/aeltester-vormensch-lebte-moeglicherweise-in-europa/
https://www.nature.com/articles/s42003-023-05210-5
The human Homo habilis in Africa used the first tools 2.4 million years ago and developed into Homo sapiens in East Africa. Otherwise the earth would be a "Planet of the Apes" today.

Mining and industry:

The economic significance of the paper lies on the one hand in a new view of ore genesis and on the other hand in the global cobalt deposits, since 3% cobalt dioxide gel is required as a cathode in lithium-ion batteries. The cobalt content determines the energy content, the charging cycles and the service life of the battery. After decades of tests with various materials, the chemist John Goodenough (*1922, +2023) developed this Li-ion cobalt dioxide battery as the best and used it industrially for the first time in 1990 in SONY's VideoCameraRecorder Video8XR. He received the Nobel Prize for this in 2015.
The global mine production of cobalt was:
2018: 135,000 tons; --- 2019: 124,000 tons, --- 2020: 140,000 tons, --- 2021: 180,000 tons, --- 2022: 197,000 tons, --- 2023: 225,000 tons (of which 170,000 tons in the Congo).
Cobalt shortage: 225,000/3 = 75,000,000 kg : 12 kg = only 6.25 million e-cars can be produced per year (out of a total of around 50 million cars/year).
Cobalt is a 5% to 10% byproduct of copper and nickel mining, ~2/3 are for alloys, superalloys, electrics, paints and catalysts. The remaining 1/3 (up to 40%) is installed in ~ 400 kg batteries in e-cars (~12 kg).
Copper is the barometer of the war economy; because of the cobalt plundering for electric cars, the price of copper (which was surplus) has not risen despite the war in Ukraine.
2023: https://www.statista.com/statistics/264928/cobalt-mine-production-by-country/
2023: https://www.statista.com/statistics/264930/global-cobalt-reserves/
2022: https://www.heise.de/hintergrund/E-auto-EU-Kommissar-Thierry-Breton-fuerchtet-um-die-Autoindustrie-7330961.html
2022: https://www.mining.com/web/ranked-the-worlds-top-cobalt-producing-countries/
World Cobalt Day worldcobaltday on September 27th.

Cobalt is a ferromagnetic metal with the atomic number 27 in group 9 of the periodic table of elements, so a world cobalt day would be September 27th, just as March 14th is the mathematicians' pi day. Group 9 is the cobalt group with cobalt, rhodium, iridium and meitnerium. The largest rhodium deposit is in South Africa (from the asteroid?).

Cobalt is the strategic metal of the future:
Science News 2018: Prof. Robert Creaser, University of Alberta, Canada, "Earth's cobalt deposits": "Cobalt enables rechargeable batteries to be used as energy storage devices without overheating. It is a strategic metal for the technological revolution, crucial in its application and the remedy for climate change."
focus October 17th. 2020: Fraunhofer battery expert Kai-Christian Möller: "The lithium-ion battery will certainly be with us for the next ten to 15 years."
Nature Reviews Materials, March 2018, HIU&KIT, Karlsruhe: Dr.C. Vaalma, Dr.D. Buchholz: "The various battery applications show that a shortage and an increase in the price of cobalt are to be expected because the demand for cobalt for batteries will be twice as high as the reserves known today."
www.autoexpress.co.uk/car-news/107058/uk-electric-cars-will-require-twice-the-world-s-supply-of-cobalt: 5 Jun 2019: "A team of scientists (8 scientists) led by the Natural History Museum's Head of Earth Sciences, Professor Richard Herrington, has written to the Committee on Climate Change (set up by the Government under the Climate Change Act 2008) warning that if the UK's 31.5 million cars are replaced by electric vehicles by 2050 as currently planned by the Government, this will require almost twice the current annual global supply of cobalt. The researchers have also calculated that based on the latest 811 battery technology (80% nickel, 10% cobalt, 10% manganese), the UK's demand for EV batteries will require almost the entire amount of neodymium produced worldwide each year, three quarters of the world's lithium and at least half of the world's copper.
Cobalt: The dirty secret of the electric car. the letter ... explains that replacing Britain's cars with electric vehicles will require 207,900 tonnes of cobalt, 264,000 tonnes of lithium carbonate and at least 7,200 tonnes of neodymium and dysprosium, and 2,262,500 tonnes of copper."
www.mining.com/british-columbia-minerals-could-be-key-contributors-to-reaching-climate-goals/ August 16, 2022: Michael Goehring, CEO of the British Columbia International Energy Agency (IEA): metals essential to clean technologies: "It estimated the world needs up to six times more minerals and metals by 2040 than what we´re producing today." As IEA executive director Fatih Birol points out: "Today, the data shows a looming mismatch between the world´s strengthened climate ambitions and the availability of critical minerals that are essential to realizing those ambitions. ... governments must give a clear signal about how they plan to turn their climate pledges into action."
www.allesauto.at/rohstoff-mangel-bei-akku-produktion/ from July 4, 2023: "There is a risk of "peak cobalt" next year and a little later "peak lithium", i.e. the point at which the mineable resources can no longer meet demand."
The battery factories are in China (President Xi Jinping), 3% in Europe. E-cars receive state subsidies of up to EUR 5,000. The batteries are also charged with electricity from coal. There is no indication of the contents of car batteries, no deposit and no recycling of cobalt. Cobalt is toxic and the shredded battery residues have to be disposed of in hazardous waste landfills because of the toxic cobalt and lithium. Recycling cobalt and lithium is uneconomical.
Zwölfte Chinareise / Wuhan von Merkel: "Klimaschutz ist Verantwortung für alle" (Tagesschau.de 7. 9. 2019); "Merkels Reise in die Zukunft" (sueddeutsche 5. 9. 2019). Gibt es aus China Kobalt für die EU? Sind die EU-Akku-Fabriken in Nersac / Südfrankreich (Macron 31. 1. 2020) und in Münster / Norddeutschland (11. 7. 2019) damit möglich? Seither nichts mehr davon gehört.
Merkel's twelfth trip to China/Wuhan: "Climate protection is everyone's responsibility" (Tagesschau.de 7. 9. 2019); "Merkel's journey into the future" (sueddeutsche 5. 9. 2019). Is there cobalt from China for the EU? Are the EU battery factories in Nersac / southern France (Macron 31. 1. 2020) and in Münster / northern Germany (11. 7. 2019) possible with it? Haven't heard anything about it since.

The Pacific manganese nodule belt was released by the UN Commission on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) (IOS International Seabed Authority) to twenty countries (not to companies) as a total of 1,000,000 km² (three times the size of Germany) large mining right (claim) for mining by large-scale soil milling of the potato-sized, porous manganese nodules (DeepGreen NORI Project 2018: 13 kg/m² wet (min. 4 kg/m²): Mn 29%, Fe 6%, Ni and Cu 1% each, Co 0.2% and toxic polymetallic) and processing.
https://deep.green/43-101-technical-report-for-the-nori-clarion-clipperton-zone-project-pacific-ocean/
The manganese nodules are present in the top half meter of the seafloor, including in the 800 km wide and 7000 km long Clarion-Clipperton Zone (from northern Mexico to Papua) that runs across the Pacific. This "ore zone" is bordered by the Clarion Fracture Zone to the north and the Clipperton Fracture Zone to the south. The mineralization is said to come from these two fracture zones. However, the NORI Project Areas 1A, 1B and 1C are more than 200 km away from these fault lines and have very little mineral variation in the analyses, which practically rules out such fluid ore genesis and rather points to "mineral raindown", just like the manganese nodule deposits on other seafloors. If the 1 mm deep sea clay is deposited in 5000 years and the manganese nodules are in the upper half meter of the sea floor, then they would also be 2.588 million years old. When mining, the ocean currents can spread the murky water with the toxic ore sludge and the red, floating deep sea clay (1 µm) throughout the Pacific, cloud the Pacific and kill off all life.

A puzzle with many answers and
Cobalt is the key
U/Pb is the clock and
60Fe is the missing link.

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